:: Disaster Risk Management and Mainstreaming :: Disaster Risk Management Commission

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies into Development Plans

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF

ETHIOPIA

NATIONAL DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

COMMISSION

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk and Climate Change

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies into

Development Plans

Guideline for users at wereda level

April, 2016

DRM

DRR

DRR/CC

GTP

M&E

MEFCC

NDRMC

PSNP

SPIF

UNISDR

WDRP

Abbreviations

Climate change

Disaster Risk Management

Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change

Growth and Transformation Plan

Monitoring and Evaluation

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

National Disaster Risk Management Commission

Productive Safety-Net Program

Strategic Program and Investment Framework

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

Wereda Disaster Risk Profiling

Table of Contents

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Disasters in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 1

1.2. DRM Policy and SPIF ......................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Wereda Disaster Risk Profiling and Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Plans ..... 3

1.4. Objectives of this Guideline ............................................................................................. 4

2. DRR Mainstreaming into Development Programs ................................................................. 5

2.3. Prerequisites for Mainstreaming DRR Strategies into Development Plans ..................... 5

2.1.1 Awareness Raising......................................................................................................... 6

2.1.2. Establishing an Enabling Environment......................................................................... 7

2.1.2.1. Legislation.............................................................................................................. 7

2.1.2.2. Disaster Risk Management Strategy ...................................................................... 8

2.1.2.3. Institutional Arrangements and Capacity for DRM............................................... 9

2.1.2.4. Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction into National and Local Government

Development Planning........................................................................................................ 9

2.1.2.5. Intra-government Horizontal and Vertical Integration ........................................ 10

2.1.2.6. Budget Consideration........................................................................................... 10

2.1.2.7. Project Appraisal.................................................................................................. 10

2.1.3. Measuring Progress: Setting Disaster Risk Reduction Goals and Related Indicators 10

2.1.4. Lessons Learned: ........................................................................................................ 11

2.2. Wereda Level DRR Mainstreaming Processes, Methods and Activities........................... 11

2.2.1. Organize DRR Mainstreaming Workshop.................................................................. 12

2.2.2. DRR mainstreaming methods and activities............................................................... 14

2.2.3. Preparing and Finalizing Mainstreaming Document for the Wereda ......................... 16

2.2.4. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism...................................................................... 16

iii

3. Definition of disaster risks and terminologies .......................................................................... 18

3.1. General category of hazards in WDRP .............................................................................. 18

3.2. Terminologies .................................................................................................................... 21

References:.................................................................................................................................... 27

Appendix 1. Disaster Risk and Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies .............. 30

Appendix 2. List of Productive Safety Net Program Activities.................................................... 35

1. Introduction

1.1. Disasters in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is exposed to a wide range of hazards associated with the country’s diverse geo-climatic

and socioeconomic conditions. Drought and floods represent major challenges, but a number of

other hazards affect communities and livelihoods. These include: frost and hailstorms, crop pests

and diseases, livestock diseases, human diseases, conflicts and other manmade hazards (like

price shocks/inflation, car accident etc), landslides, earthquakes and urban and forest fires. Major

disaster risks (such as drought, flood, frost, hailstorm, crop diseases and pests and livestock

diseases) mainly affect agricultural production thereby deteriorating the overall economy of the

country and the livelihoods of households (particularly smallholder farmers and vulnerable

groups of the community). This is due to the fact that agriculture is the main economic activity in

Ethiopia and the overall economic growth of the country is highly dependent on the success of

the agricultural sector. The sector represents 42% of the GDP of Ethiopia and about 85% of the

population gains their livelihood directly or indirectly from agricultural production (CSA, 2015).

As a result, it plays an important role in the country’s political, economic and social stability.

However, Ethiopia’s agriculture is mainly subsistence, traditional and rain-fed which is highly

vulnerable to the above mentioned hydro-meteorological and biological hazards. The resilience

capacity of stallholder farmers and the country in general is also low.

Many studies have indicated that disaster risks are increasing globally. Ethiopia is also facing

challenges from frequent occurrence of disasters particularly drought and flood for many

decades. Studies indicated that the magnitude, frequency and effect of drought have increased in

Ethiopia, now encompassing almost all parts of the country. Historically, the widely known

catastrophic event of the 1984 drought killed hundreds of thousands and affected millions of

lives in Ethiopia. Moreover, 14 million people affected by drought in 2003, and in the period

between 2000 and 2007 the number of people affected was never less than 1.5 million (NDRMC,

2014). In 2015/16, about 10.2 million people are being supported with food and non-food items

due to the 2015 drought effect caused by El-nino. The humanitarian requirements document

indicated that 1.4Billion USD is required to address the crisis (HRD, 2016). This has shifted

scarce government fund intended for development purposes towards emergency response which

reduced budget availability for large development projects being implemented by the

government. This implies that disasters lower economic growth in two ways: first by causing

damages on lives, livelihoods and physical assets and second by diverting limited resources

allocated for development purposes towards emergency responses.

Much has been done in the last few decades in the way of managing disaster risks. Large scale

programs have been designed for prevention and mitigation, household asset building, and public

works for environmental rehabilitation and generation of livelihoods. Despite these activities and

fast economic growth, Ethiopia is still vulnerable to the impact of disasters which impose serious

impediments to development, destroy years of effort, delay and affect vast investments and

perpetuate poverty. Among others, the vulnerability of the country is aggravated by rapid

population growth, low agricultural productivity, land degradation and climate change.

Ethiopia’s new DRM policy is designed to respond to these challenges in conjunction with the

national GTP strategy.

1.2. DRM Policy and SPIF

Until recently Ethiopia has mainly applied a reactive disaster management approach, which

refers to helping and supporting people after they had been affected by disasters. However, due

to increasing disaster risks and expanding losses as well as lessons learned, the government of

Ethiopia adopted new national DRM policy and strategy in 2013. This has paved the way for

paradigm shift in policies and strategies towards a proactive approach to disaster risk reduction.

This new approach gives focus to preventive actions, while recognizing the continued

importance of well prepared and coordinated emergency support. The policy also emphasized a

shift from previous one-sector and few-hazards (drought and flood) approach to multi-sector and

multi-hazard approach, where all hazards will be given attention and all sectors participate in

DRM activities.

This DRM policy also gave emphasis to mainstreaming DRM into development programmes. It

states that disaster risk management activities shall be implemented as integral to development

plan frameworks, and it shall be ensured that disaster risk management is mainstreamed into

development programmes across all sectors.

Along with DRM Policy, the SPIF is also prepared to facilitate and coordinate DRM activities in

Ethiopia. The SPIF provides a strategic framework for the prioritization and planning of

investments that will drive Ethiopia’s Disaster Risk Management system. It is designed to

operationalize the DRM policy by identifying priority investment areas with estimates of the

financing needs to be provided by Government and its development partners. It outlines major

areas of investment that can be more fully fleshed out with development partners moving

forward (DRM-SPIF, 2014).

The SPIF identified 20 programmes which include risk assessment (disaster risk profiling),

disaster risk reduction programmes and integration of climate change with disaster risk

reduction. It also outlined DRM mainstreaming program to ensure that DRM components are

integrated across all sectors and development activities. To address these areas of DRM-SPIF,

Wereda level disaster risk profiling have been done and disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies

and activities have been developed using the risk profiles for each wereda. These DRR strategies

include climate change mitigation and adaption strategies and activities at wereda level.

Shall we add more?

1.3. Wereda Disaster Risk Profiling and Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Plans

Among programs and strategies identified in SPIF, Wereda Disaster Risk Profiling (WDRP) has

been given priority due to the fact that risk assessment in each area is the first step towards

mainstreaming and implementing DRM activities at all level. To meet the objectives of new

DRM policy and strategies, NDRMC initiated the task of identifying risk elements (hazard,

vulnerability and capacity) and their underlining causes in each wereda of Ethiopia in the form of

wereda level disaster risk profiling. Therefore, WDRP can be defined as representations of

information regarding a population, place or system’s exposure, sensitivity and resilience to a

given hazards that can be applied to disaster risk management strategies.

Standard scientific procedures have been used to undertake WDRP studies. This study is being

conducted in each wereda of Ethiopia. Cluster and systematic sampling techniques have been

used to select an average of 400 sample households from each wereda for this study. Moreover,

focus group discussions (FGD) were done in all kebeles of the wereda with community

representatives. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were also made to collect information from

government and non-government institutions operating in each wereda.

Profiles are being developed for all weredas in Ethiopia and so far 300 WDRPs have been

finalized and released. These will help decision makers at all levels to be better informed about

the nature, magnitude and key factors that render people, livelihoods, environment and

infrastructures vulnerable to disasters in specific area. Among others, WDRP provides multi-

hazard and multi-sector information and strategies to decision makers and development partners

so as to mainstream disaster risk management activities to their respective sustainable

development agendas.

Based on the information obtained from WDRP, disaster risk mitigation and adaption plans are

prepared at wereda level. During DRR planning process at wereda level, experts from agriculture

sector (crop, livestock and natural resources), health, water, education, finance and

administration have participated. All disaster risks identified at wereda (and kebele) level are

considered during planning process. Most disasters in Ethiopia are climate related and hence,

DRR1 strategies developed include climate change (CC) mitigation and adaption strategies and

activities. Additional climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies were included from

MEFCC (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change) guideline prepared to integrate

climate change into development agendas. The final step is to mainstream these DRR strategies

identified for all-hazards and all-sectors into their respective wereda sectoral annual development

plans. (Shall we discuss all cycle: from training, data collection to DRR and mainstreaming?)

1.4. Objectives of this Guideline

 To present key concepts in DRR mainstreaming

 To discuss general steps followed during DRR mainstreaming into Development plans

 To present processes, methods and activities for DRR mainstreaming into wereda sector

annual development plans at wereda level

 To outline monitoring and evaluation mechanisms

1 In this guideline, DRR strategies refers to disaster risk mitigation and adaptation plans which include climate

change mitigation and adaptation plans as well as PNSP activities at wereda level. Therefore, DRR strategies,

disaster risk mitigation and adaption plans and DRR/CC strategies are interchangeably used to refer to the same

thing, i.e., disaster risk mitigation and adaption plans which includes climate change mitigation and adaption

strategies.

2. DRR Mainstreaming into Development Programs

DRR mainstreaming into development plans refers to incorporating disaster risk mitigation and

adaptation strategies and activities into regular sectoral annual development plans.

Mainstreaming DRR into development plans is important due to two major reasons:

 Disasters undermine economic growth and development particularly in developing

countries like Ethiopia.

 DRM is not a sector in itself, but a process to protect development progress, reduce losses

and to support growth. It is a cross cutting issue which need to be mainstreamed into all

sectors.

Therefore, under this section, general steps needed for actual mainstreaming activity will be

discussed. Then, processes, methods and activities will be presented for wereda level

mainstreaming of disaster risk mitigation and adaption into sectoral annual development plans.

2.3. Prerequisites for Mainstreaming DRR Strategies into Development Plans

Mainstreaming of DRR generally follow the following steps shown below.

Awareness

creation

Creating Enabling

environment

Measuring

progress

Learning &

experience

sharing

2.1.1 Awareness Raising

Awareness raising is the first step towards mainstreaming DRR into development plans. It is

required to secure a solid appreciation and understanding of the relevance of disaster risk

reduction to sustainable development and poverty reduction goals. This awareness is critically

essential to planning and finance ministries as well as federal, regional, zonal and wereda sector

offices, local communities, NGOs and CBOs. Because, DRR is the responsibility of all

government sectors, communities and other stakeholders.

According to Charlotte 2009, awareness raising must be tackled, first and foremost, via the

development of a solid, rigorous body of evidence on:

 Hazard mapping and physical exposure

 Disaster losses

 The socio-economic impact of disasters at national and community level and their

relevance to the sustainable development agenda

 The scope for enhanced resilience

In view of this, as indicated in previous sections, NDRMC of Ethiopia initiated the task of

identifying risk elements (hazard, vulnerability and capacity) and their underlining causes in

each community through Wereda Disaster Risk Profiling (WDRP). All disaster risks and socio-

economic information are collected to ensure usability of information by all sectors and

stakeholders. After analysis and compilation of information, the profiles were handed over to

their respective regions, zones and weredas. Awareness creation is made on the results of disaster

risk profiles for all sectors at wereda level. Moreover, the same information is released for all

weredas on website for wide users (check www.profile.dppc.gov.et). Awareness creation is not a

one-time and one-institution/sector job. It needs further work from all stakeholders to raise

awareness on DRM starting from higher officials at Federal Government level to wereda level

decision makers. In addition to NDRMC, DRM offices at region, zone and wereda as well as

DRM units in lead institutions are also expected to create awareness on DRM in their respective

areas.

Using information in WDRP, disaster risk mitigation and adaptation strategies were developed

for all sectors at wereda level with regard to major disaster risks in the wereda. These DRR plans

were also given to their respective weredas so that sectors can use for DRR activities.

2.1.2. Establishing an Enabling Environment

2.1.2.1. Legislation

Sufficient, appropriate legislative arrangements for disaster risk management, including the

mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into development, form a key component of an enabling

environment (Britton, 2006; Pelling and Holloway, 2006). As stated by Britton 2006, without a

comprehensive and binding legal directive that obliges actors and agencies to take action, the

natural inertia of bureaucracies mean that non-specified essential tasks are unlikely to be

undertaken, initiatives are unlikely to be pursued, and the status quo will be maintained.

Therefore, legislation provides the framework around which DRR strategies can be

mainstreamed into sectoral development plans.

The legal framework of NDRMC was developed in December 2015 and it acknowledges the

necessity of providing appropriate and timely response to disasters before, during and after the

disaster period at all levels through establishing a coordinated, accountable and decentralized

system in scalable manner. It also states the importance of backing DRM implementation by all

sectors with legal framework. Among others, the legal framework has given NDRMC the

following major powers and duties:

1. Develop and implement comprehensive DRR and Contingency plans at all levels on the

bases of disaster risk profiles.

2. Ensure that disaster risk management is mainstreamed into Government development

policies, strategies, development plans and programs, and in the plans of the private

sector as well as in the school curricula.

3. Ensure and follow-up the inclusion of DRM in the plans of the executive organs which

are identified as lead sectors in DRM Policy and Strategy Document which include:

 Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources

 Ministry of Livestock and Fishery

 Ministry of Environment and Forestry

 Ministry of Health

 Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy

 Ministry of Federal Affairs

 Ministry of Transport

 Ministry of Mines

 Ministry of National Defense

 Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Construction

 Ministry of Education

 Lead Institutions at Region, zone, wereda, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa City

Administration

2.1.2.2. Disaster Risk Management Strategy

A comprehensive disaster risk management strategy, actively involving stakeholders at all levels

of government as well as the private sector, local communities and civil society, is required to

implement the legislative framework and to provide coordination and monitoring mechanisms

and arrangements. Individual disaster risk reduction actions and programs need to be located

within this strategy, rather than treated as discrete, individual measures. Moreover, the strategy

needs to indicate specific entry points and mechanisms for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction

concerns both into the broader development agenda and into the design and implementation of

individual development initiatives (Charlotte, 2009).

As indicated in the previous sections of this document, Ethiopia developed new DRM policy and

strategy in 2013. Along with the policy, Strategic Program and Investment Framework (SPIF)

was also developed. These documents brought about a paradigm shift in direction and led to

doing business differently by moving away from a system that mainly focused on drought and

supply of life saving relief emergency assistance during disaster to a comprehensive disaster risk

management approach, which, unlike in the past, is being implemented with the aim of reducing

disaster risks and potential consequences of disasters by providing appropriate and timely

responses to disasters before, during, and after the disaster period at all levels through

establishing a coordinated, accountable, and decentralized system. The documents clearly

indicate priority intervention areas of DRM in Ethiopia.

2.1.2.3. Institutional Arrangements and Capacity for DRM

Disaster risk reduction is a crosscutting issue that needs to be owned by all government agencies

rather than by a single department. However, an overarching national agency is required to

provide leadership, determine broad disaster risk management policies and strategies, advocate

for the inclusion of disaster risk reduction concerns in broader development policies, strategies

and individual initiatives, actively engage a wide range of government agencies in their

implementation, define responsibilities at different levels of government, coordinate this multi-

sector, multi-tiered engagement and monitor and evaluate progress (Charlotte, 2009). With

regard to this, NDRMC will lead, coordinate, implement and monitor disaster risk management

activities in the country. Lead sector institutions will be assigned for every hazard at Federal,

Regional, Zonal, Wereda as well as at Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa City Administrations. A

dedicated structure is expected in those lead institutions to perform DRM tasks. It is also

indicated in SPIF that NDRMC will give capacity building on DRM to all sectors in

collaboration with partners. Generally, institutional arrangements and capacity building still need

much work in the Ethiopia.

2.1.2.4. Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction into National and Local Government

Development Planning

DRR need to be mainstreamed into Federal, Regional, Zonal and Wereda development plans. At

Federal (national) level, it is important to integrate with the second Growth and Transformation

Plan of Ethiopia. Moreover, lead sectors at Federal, Regional, Zonal and Wereda level need to

integrate DRR into their annual development plans. This guideline specifically focus on DRR

mainstreaming into Wereda sectoral annual development plans (detailed mainstreaming process

is presented in the following sections).

2.1.2.5. Intra-government Horizontal and Vertical Integration

Horizontal and vertical integration of government and sectors at different levels is also

important. For instance, mitigation of disasters like drought and flooding require horizontal

collaboration between sectors and regional governments. Drought incidence affect most sectors

like agriculture, health, education, water and others hence integration of these sectors is

important. Flooding from highland areas of Amhara Region to Afar Region and highland areas

of Oromia to Somali region also require collaboration between these regions to mitigate the

hazard.

2.1.2.6. Budget Consideration

Mainstreaming of DRR strategies into sectoral development plans require resources. It is mainly

dependent on the annual budget the government allocates for each sector at wereda level. This

budget is usually scarce which results in prioritizing activities at wereda sector level. Due to lack

of awareness and budget limitation, DRR strategies may be ignored during budget allocation to

sector development strategies and activities. Therefore, it is important to ensure that enough

budget is allocated for DRR activities at wereda level. Moreover, since climate change

mitigation and adaptation plans and PNSP plans are incorporated in DRR plans, it is possible to

use funds from climate change and PSNP areas.

2.1.2.7. Project Appraisal

Consideration of disaster risk concerns as part of the project appraisal process is an essential step

in ensuring that development gains from individual projects are sustainable. Like gender-

mainstreaming, disaster risk concerns should also be considered in all components of project

appraisal analysis – financial, economic, environmental, social, institutional and technical –

reflecting the fact that vulnerability to natural hazards is complex and multi-faceted and so needs

to be viewed from all angles.

2.1.3. Measuring Progress: Setting Disaster Risk Reduction Goals and Related Indicators

Setting disaster risk reduction goals and related indicators is important for monitoring and

evaluation activities. Disaster risk mitigation strategies and activities mainstreamed into each

sectoral annual development plan will be used as indicator to monitor performance. Goals need

to be set every year with regard to the indicators (or mainstreamed strategies and activities) by

each sector.

2.1.4. Lessons Learned:

Lessons learned during implementation of mainstreamed DRR strategies on the ground will be

used to update mainstreaming process at all stages. Challenges and opportunities during actual

implementation of the strategies will be reviewed and improved every time. This can be done

quarterly or biannually.

2.2. Wereda Level DRR Mainstreaming Processes, Methods and Activities

The following diagram shows the steps followed to come up with DRR mainstreamed

development plan at wereda level sectoral offices. Information in WDRP can be used for various

purposes including DRR and Contingency plans. DRR plans (disaster risk mitigation and

adaptation strategies and activities) will be mainstreamed primarily into wereda sectoral annual

development plans. They can also be used to mainstream DRR activities into PSNP plans (valid

only for PSNP weredas). Moreover, DRR plans help NGOs operating at wereda level to identify

gaps and make interventions on DRR.

Wereda sectoral development plans, PSNP plans and NGO interventions that consider DRR

components in their activities result in DRR mainstreamed sustainable development plan at

wereda level. This is in line with Sendai Framework (Transforming Our World: The 2030

Agenda for Sustainable Development) which sets poverty eradication as an overarching aim and

recognizes and reaffirms the urgent need to reduce the risk of disasters. There are 25 targets

related to disaster risk reduction in 10 of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), firmly

establishing the role of disaster risk reduction as a core development strategy (UNISDR, 2015).

2.2.1. Organize DRR Mainstreaming Workshop

Major workshop activities

DRR Mainstreaming Workshop will be held in each wereda for 5 days (to be discussed). The

major activities to be accomplished during the workshop are:

 Awareness creation on WDRP and validation of results

 Preparation of DRR and Contingency plans

 Mainstreaming DRR strategies and activities into development plans

Previously, validation of WDRP and preparation of DRR plans were done separately. The

importance of doing these three activities together is to a) save money; b) save time; c) ensure

immediate and timely use of WDRP results and DRR plans. Preparations (such as identification

of DRR strategies for all sectors across major hazards and compilation of major WDRP

indicators) will be made at Federal level ahead of workshop time. Moreover, wereda participants

will be notified about the objectives of the workshop and the agenda ahead of time, so that they

would come prepared with necessary documents.

Workshop participants

No.

Workshop participants

Wereda sector planners or sector heads (decide)

Crop (agricultural extension) sector

Livestock sector

Natural resource management sector

Health sector

Education sector

Water, mining and energy

Road and transportation

Administration

Finance and planning sector

NGOs

DRM focal person

Total

Participants from Federal, Region and Zone

Number

Federal participants

Regional DRM focal persons

Zonal DRM focal personas

Note: it is very important to make sure participation of wereda sectoral planners

Documents required: participants from wereda sectoral offices should come with the following

documents.

 Development plan of each sector in the wereda

 Compiled wereda development plan from Finance and planning office

 PSNP plans at wereda level (for PSNP weredas)

2.2.2. DRR mainstreaming methods and activities

1. The following presentations will be made by Federal/Regional participants

 Briefing on DRM Policy and SPIF (1 hour)

 Wereda Disaster Risk Profiling, Planning and Mainstreaming Processes and current status

(20 minutes)

 WDRP and IMS (40 minutes)

 Wereda DRR planning process: for new weredas, the DRR and Contingency plans will be

prepared during this time, and it will take 1 day.

 Mainstreaming WDRP and DRR plans to Development and PSNP plans: Concepts and

methods of mainstreaming DRR into development and PSNP plans (40 minutes)

Groups will be formed by sectors to do activities in 2, 3, 4 and 5. Sitting arrangement

by sector (crop, livestock, natural resource, health, water, education,

finance/cooperatives/administration, road ...)

2. Understanding wereda planning process: participants will present and discuss planning

process of sectoral development plans. In PSNP weredas, participants will also discuss how

PSNP plans are made. Planning challenges and opportunities in relation to DRR

mainstreaming will be identified and discussed. Discussion and presentation will take 1 hour

and 30 minutes.

3. Review DRR plans for each sector: sectoral DRR plans that are prepared using wereda

disaster risk mitigation/adaptation planning guidelines will be reviewed by each sector.

During this exercise, each sector will identify disaster risk mitigation and adaptation

strategies and activities prepared for major hazards in the sector. Brief discussion will be

made on this part (this part will take 2 hours)

4. Review sectoral development plans and PSNP plans: participants will review their respective

annual development plans and also PSNP plans (for PSNP weredas). In this exercise,

participants will identify strategies and activities indicated in annual plans according to their

relation with major hazards affecting the sector. (Review will take 1 hour).

5. Mainstreaming DRR plans into sectoral development plans and wereda PNSP plans: in

conjunction with reviewing sectoral development plans and PSNP plans, participants will

cross check with DRR plans prepared for each sector and identify the following points (2

hours).

 Identify DRR strategies and activities that are indicated in sectoral DRR plans and check

whether they are included into sectoral development plans

 Identify DRR strategies and activities that are indicated in sectoral DRR plans and check

whether they are included into PSNP plans

 Discuss whether those DRR strategies and activities not included in development and

PSNP plans can be mainstreamed into development and PSNP plans

 Identify DRR strategies and activities that cannot be mainstreamed into both

development and PSNP plans and suggest possible ways of implementing them (like

through NGOs, CBOs, private sectors, MFIs, etc)

 Finalize mainstreaming activity: prioritize and mainstream DRR strategies and activities

6. General challenges and opportunities of mainstreaming DRR plans to Wereda Sectoral

Development and PSNP plans will be discussed with participants (30 minutes).

2.2.3. Preparing and Finalizing Mainstreaming Document for the Wereda

After the mainstreaming workshop, the assigned federal and regional participants will collect all

information raised during the workshop and prepare final document. The document will contain

the agreed upon and mainstreamed DRR/CC strategies for all sectors in the wereda. Then, the

document will be approved and signed by sector offices at wereda level (need discussion on this

part).

2.2.4. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism

First, it is very important to make sure that DRR/CC strategies are mainstreamed into wereda

development plans. After mainstreaming into development plans, it is required to outline

monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework. The following points are considered while

developing M&E framework.

1. Set goals and indicators for each sector: Although the evaluation of DRR/CCA strategies

is a highly challenging task, an appropriate M&E framework will help evaluate whether an

action is justified and whether it is bringing about the intended benefits and ultimately

contributing to building resilience. Therefore, it is important to define indicators to measure

the mainstreaming progress and to establish a necessary M&E system. Mainstreamed

DRR/CC strategies and activities will be used as indicators to measure during M&E. The

following formant is suggested:

Table: Monitoring and evaluation for implementation of DRR/CC strategies at wereda

sector offices

Sector

Eg. Crop

Hazard

Drought

Planned DRR &

CC strategy

Reducing effect of

drought on crop

production

Planned

Activities

Supply short

maturing crops

Supply

drought

resistant crop

varieties

Small-scale

irrigation

Measurement

1000 qt of short

maturing crops

1000 qt of

drought tolerant

verities

500

water

harvesting

structures will

be constructed

at household

level

Performance

% performed

Remark

Livestock

Drought Forage

development

Growing

alfalfa and

other forage

species

Conservation

of grass areas

Enhancing

collection and

saving of crop

residues

Enhancing

good local

grazing land

management

practices

200 farmers

will

grow

different types

of forages

--- ha

------

households

Awareness

creation

Note: impact of the DRR/CC strategies on the livelihood of the community and on the environment

need to be reported on a separate format.

2. When to do M&E: M&E framework needs to be defined as soon as DRR/CC measures have

been selected and incorporated into sectoral development plans. This will follow the regular

reporting of sectoral offices about their performance; which is quarterly report. Quarterly,

implementation of DRR/CC strategies will be evaluated according to sector plans.

3. How to do M&E: this is done in line with setting goals and indicators as shown in the above

table where we define realistic and measurable output and outcome of indicators. Then M&E

can be done by using quarterly report for each sector or by making field visits to check

implementation of the strategies and activities as planned. (need further discussion)

4. Who will do M&E: implementation of DRR/CC strategies and activities is the responsibility

of sectoral offices at wereda level who incorporated the strategies into their respective

development plans. Therefore, sector heads are primarily responsible to check and ensure the

implementation of these strategies. Besides, DRM focal person at wereda level (in each

sector) will monitor and evaluate implementation of DRR/CC strategies and activities and

report to Wereda Finance and planning office as well as Zone, Region and Federal DRM

offices. (Need further discussion).

3. Definition of disaster risks and terminologies

The following definition of hazards and terminologies are provided to support users to have

common understanding of DRM concepts as well as WDRP, DRR/CC plans and mainstreaming

activities.

3.1. General category of hazards in WDRP

Biological hazards: crop pests and diseases, human diseases, livestock diseases, weeds (such as

striga, partinium), invasive plant species like prosopis juliflora, wild animals (such as monkeys,

baboons, lion, crocodile, hippopotamus, pigs, antelopes and others)

Hydro-meteorological hazards: Drought, flooding, heavy rain, hailstorm/ice/snow, frost/cold

waves, heat waves (high temperature), wild fires (if caused by dry weather condition) and others

Geological hazards: earthquake, volcano, landslides,

Social hazards: conflict, economic/price shocks and theft, wild fires (if caused by humans)

Technological hazards: road accident, dam failures and pollution from factories

Brief definition of hazards in WDRP

Drought: in Wereda Disaster Risk Profiling (WDRP), drought is defined using community

context and it is explained in different ways. In this study, the community expressed drought in

the form of rainfall shortage (moisture stress), erratic rainfall, uneven distribution of rain, late

on-set and early cessation of rain and water shortage (both surface and underground). Therefore,

the word drought is used to generally represent these terminologies across the country and

specific explanation of drought by the community is explained in each wereda study. For

instance, if ‘wereda A’ reported drought as a major disaster risk, then, in the study, detailed

explanation of the situation is given by the community which may be late on-set of rain during

sowing time. This is in line with many literatures which define drought as a deficiency in

precipitation over an extended period, usually a season or more, resulting in a water shortage

causing adverse impacts on vegetation, animals, and/or people. It is a normal, recurrent feature of

climate that occurs in virtually all climate zones, from very wet to very dry (from Western part to

Eastern part of Ethiopia). In WDRP, drought is usually explained by the community as a root

cause for other disaster risks such as biological hazards (crop diseases and pests, human diseases,

livestock diseases, weeds and wild animal attack) and social hazards (such as conflict).

Hailstorm, ice and snow are interchangeably used to reflect a heavy rain which produces hail

that reaches the ground and results in damage on crops, livestock, humans and property.

Landslide is a collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain, cliff or elevated area causing

damage on lives, properties and physical assets (including infrastructure, land and water

sources).

Biological hazards considered in this study include human diseases, crop pests and diseases,

livestock diseases, weeds, invasive plant species and wild animal attack (such as apes, baboons,

lion, crocodile, hippopotamus, pigs, antelopes and others) which cause damage on crops,

livestock, human, properties and physical assets (such as land).

Frost (cold waves): it is a deposit of small white ice crystals (or a solid deposition of water

vapor) formed on the ground or other surfaces when the temperature falls below freezing point of

water (or as a result of cold wave).

Heavy rain: it is defined as precipitation falling with intensity in excess of 0.3 inches (0.76 cm)

per hour. But in our context, any rain with high intensity of precipitation which resulted in flash

flooding and damage on crops, animals, humans, properties and infrastructures is considered

high rainfall.

Flood: it is a great flowing or overflowing of water, especially over land not usually submerged.

A given community may be affected by flooding as a result of high rainfall in the locality or due

to high rainfall in some other area (usually upstream area).

Heat waves (high temperature): they refer to several days of higher-than-normal (or abnormal)

temperatures which have severe effects on humans, animals and natural resources.

Road accident: it is a traffic collision, also known as a traffic accident, which occurs when

motor vehicles, cars, automobiles and other transportation means collide whit another vehicles,

pedestrians, animals, roads and other objects resulting loss of life and property damage.

Conflict: it is a disagreement through which the parties involved perceive a threat to their needs,

interests or concerns. In WDRP, this is usually explained in terms of conflict over resources

(such as water, pasture and farm land), ethnic conflict, border conflict and war (particularly for

Tigray weredas bordering Eritrea).

Earthquake: it is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as

a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

Economic/price shock: although this is an unexpected or unpredictable event that affects an

economy (household economy), either positively or negatively, in this study we are referring the

negative effect from the community point of view. Specially, in crop producing areas, the

community explain price shock (also inflation) as high price of consumption goods (industrial

goods) and agricultural inputs (fertilizer, improved seeds and pesticides) that farmers purchase

and low price of agricultural produce (crops, animals and animal products) that farmers sell. In

pastoral and agro pastoral areas, price shock is explained as low price for animal and animal

products and high market price of all other commodities they buy from market (including crops).

3.2. Terminologies

(Note: the following terminologies are adopted from different sources mainly from

UNISDR terminology on disaster risk reduction of 2009 and DRM policy of Ethiopia)

Adaptation: is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected

climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

Biological hazard: is a process or phenomenon of organic origin or conveyed by biological

vectors, including exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms, toxins and bioactive substances that

may cause loss of life, injury, illness or other health impacts, property damage, loss of

livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Capacity Development: is a process by which people, organizations and society systematically

stimulate and develop their capacities over time to achieve social and economic goals, including

through improvement of knowledge, skills, systems, and institutions.

Capacity means the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a

community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals.

Climate change:

(a) The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as: “a

change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes

in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period,

typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external

forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land

use”.

(b) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate

change as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that

alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate

variability observed over comparable time periods”.

Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction: a process in which at-risk communities are

actively engaged in the identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation of disaster

risks reducing their vulnerabilities and enhancing their capacities.

Contingency planning: a management process that analyses specific potential events or

emerging situations that might threaten society or the environment and establishes arrangements

in advance to enable timely, effective and appropriate responses to such events and situations.

Disaster Risk Management: the systematic process of using administrative directives,

organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and

improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility

of disaster.

Disaster Risk Profile: the outcome of risk assessments done to determine the nature and extent

of risk by analyzing hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities that together could potentially affect

exposed people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend. The

profiles form a risk analysis information system that can inform the DRM planning, contingency

planning and early warning and response systems.

Disaster Risk Reduction: concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic

efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including reduced exposure to

hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the

environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.

Disaster Risk: potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services,

which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.

Disaster: a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the

ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

Disaster phase: a period when a disaster strikes. DRM activities implemented during this period

include: disseminating early warning, evacuation of at risk people, conducting search and rescue

operation, providing emergency relief supplies, and conducting damage and loss assessments.

Displacement: the process of people being forced to move from their homes to other places

because of a natural hazard, war/conflict, or other human-made action.

Early warning system: the set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and

meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations

threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the

possibility of harm or loss. Especially, a people-centred early warning system necessarily

comprises four key elements: knowledge of the risks; monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the

hazards; communication or dissemination of alerts and warnings; and local capabilities to

respond to the warnings received.

Emergency response: a series of appropriate actions and precautions, including the provision

and distribution of essential food and non-food items, goods, and services aimed at saving lives

and protecting livelihoods of the affected population in the event of a disaster.

Environmental degradation: is reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and

ecological objectives and needs.

Exposure: refers to people, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are

thereby subject to potential losses.

Geological hazard: is geological process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or

other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic

disruption, or environmental damage.

Hazard: a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss

of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social

and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Hydro-meteorological hazard: is a process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or

oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property

damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental

damage.

Land-use planning: is a process undertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and

decide on different options for the use of land, including consideration of long term economic,

social and environmental objectives and the implications for different communities and interest

groups, and the subsequent formulation and promulgation of plans that describe the permitted or

acceptable uses.

Lead sector institution: an institution that is directly relevant to identified single or more

hazards and has the responsibility and is accountable with respect to disaster risk management

activities, including disaster management.

Local disaster: a disaster that affects a single woreda or community within a woreda and the

administration of the woreda concerned, either alone or with the assistance of others in the area

is able to deal with it effectively.

Mitigation: the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Mutual cooperation: cooperation and voluntary provision of resources, services, and facilities,

particularly among neighboring regional, zonal and woreda administrations to assist each other

when existing resources prove to be inadequate and there is a need for additional support.

National level disaster: if a disaster affects more than one region or if a single region is unable

to manage effectively using regional resources and capacities at all levels, thereby requiring

federal intervention.

Post disaster phase: a period after the occurrence of a disaster. DRM activities during this

period focus on provision of recovery and rehabilitation support to the affected communities and

areas in order not only to restore social services, infrastructure, and economic activities, but also

to enable them to reduce future vulnerability to similar hazards and related disasters by applying

building back better principle in all recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction interventions.

Pre-disaster phase: a period before the occurrence of a disaster. DRM activities implemented

during this period include: prevention, mitigation, and preparedness activities in order to

eliminate or lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Preparedness: the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response

and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to,

and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

Prevention: the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Recovery: the restoration and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and

living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk

factors.

Regional level disaster: if a disaster affects more than one zone in the same region and if the

region concerned is able to deal with it effectively, or if a single zone in the region is unable to

deal with it effectively using local resources and capacity within its reach, thereby requiring

regional intervention.

Rehabilitation: measures applied after a disaster which are necessary to restore normal activities

and build resilience to future shocks in affected areas, communities, and economic sectors.

Relief means activity undertaken in the immediate aftermath of a disaster to save lives, protect

livelihoods, and address immediate humanitarian needs, including the provisional restoration of

essential services.

Resilience: is the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb,

accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner,

including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

Social vulnerability: those determinants of vulnerability that arise from non-physical factors

(e.g., identity, economic, political, cultural, etc.) and are related to gender, age, occupation,

location, etc.

Socio-economic hazard: is a hazard originating from socio-economic conditions of the society

which may include economic/price shock (inflation), conflicts, war, theft and others

Sustainable development: is a development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Technological hazard: is a hazard originating from technological or industrial conditions,

including accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or specific human activities,

that may cause loss of life, injury, illness or other health impacts, property damage, loss of

livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Volunteer: means individuals or a broad array of organizations, institutions, agencies,

collectives (including charities), cooperatives, religious groups, professional and economic

associations, social service providers, etc. who freely enlist or are involved in services in disaster

management without expectation of return or profit.

Vulnerability: the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make

it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Zonal level disaster: if a disaster affects more than one woreda in the same zone and the zone

concerned is able to deal with it effectively, or if a single woreda in the zone is unable to deal

with it effectively using local resources and capacity within its reach, thereby requiring zonal

intervention.

References:

Britton, N R. 2006. Getting the Foundation Right: In Pursuit of Effective Disaster Legislation for

the Philippines. Paper prepared for the Second Asian Conference on Earthquake

Engineering, Manila, 10–11 March 2006. Kobe: International Disaster Reduction

Strategies Research Team, Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Centre–National

Institute for Earth Sciences and Disaster Prevention (EdM-NIED).

CDKN (Climate and Development Knowledge Network), 2014. What does it take to mainstream

disaster risk management in key sectors?

Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), 2015. Agricultural Sample Survey for 2015.

Charlotte Benson, 2009. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development: Challenges

and Experience in the Philippines.

DRMFSS, 2013. Wereda Disaster Risk Mitigation/Adaptation Planning Guidelines.

FDRE National Planning Commission, 2015. The Second Growth and Transformation Plan

(GTP II) (2015/16-2019/20). September 2015 Addis Ababa

Federal Negarit Gazette, 2015. National Disaster Risk Management Commission Establishment

Council of Ministers Regulation. Regulation No. 363/2015. Addis Ababa, December 14,

2015, Page 8686.

HRD (Humanitarian Requirements Document), 2016. ETHIOPIA 2016 Humanitarian

Requirements Document. Joint Government and Humanitarian Partners’ Document.

Available at:

http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/reports/appeal/2015/HRD%202016,%20December

%2011-2015.pdf

Mark Pelling and Ailsa Holloway, 2006. Legislation for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction.

Teddington: Tearfund. Available at

www.tearfund.org/webdocs/website/Campaigning/Policy%20and%20research/DRR%20l

egislation.pdf

MEFCC, 2014. Integrating the Climate Resilient Green Economy into the Growth and

Transformation Plan II. Guidance for Federal Ministries and expected roles.

NDRMC, 2013. National Policy and Strategy on Disaster Risk Management

NDRMC, 2014. Disaster Risk Management Strategic Programme and Investment Framework

Sarah La Trobe, 2005. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction: a tool for development

organizations. Available at

http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/Campaigning/Policy%20and%20research/Mai

nstreaming%20disaster%20risk%20reduction.pdf

UNISDR, 2009. Terminologies on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland, May 2009.

Available at http://www.unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf

UNISDR, 2015. Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development. Available at:

http://www.unisdr.org/files/46052_disasterriskreductioninthe2030agend.pdf

UNISDR, 2015. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030. Available at

http://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf

Appendix 1. Disaster Risk and Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies

Sector

Crop (agricultural

extension) Sector

Category of strategy

Improving access and use

of inputs

Specific strategy and activities derived from WDRP

Improving access to drought tolerant, frost tolerant, crop diseases and pests resistant, hailstorm tolerant and water

logging resistant crop varieties

Increasing farmers’ adoption of drought tolerant, frost tolerant, crop diseases and pests resistant, hailstorm tolerant

and water logging resistant crop varieties

Supply of early maturing and short cycle crop varieties in drought and frost prone areas

Awareness creation on the use of inputs

Facilitating credit for input purchase and ensuring that credits are used for input purchase only

Assessing and scaling up best practices in other areas

Enhancing use of manures as fertilizer in crop production

Improving agronomic

practices

Proper land preparation, weeding and pest/disease control activities

Proper time of sowing based on weather condition

Sowing in row (edit)

Constructing water ways around farm land

Soil and water conservation activities on farm

Construction of physical structures around farms to prevent pest transmission from other area

Focus on specialization to increase income

Focus on diversification of crops to mitigate disaster effects affecting specific crops like rainfall shortage, flooding,

hailstorm, weeds or crop diseases and pests

Vegetables and fruit productions

Zero or low tillage, cover crop residues

Others

Livestock sector

Promoting good agronomic practices

Enhance small scale irrigation through rain/flood water harvesting, well and pond construction

Area closure

Enhance agro-forestry

Crop insurance (edit)

Promoting biodiversity in agriculture

Construct FTC

Prevention of animal diseases

Improving access to veterinary services

Encouraging fodder banks through hay and other forms of feed conservation

Investigating and encouraging selection and supplementation with leguminous trees like Acacia and other forage

legumes for dry season feeding

Investigating more appropriate grazing management systems

Encouraging and strengthening the traditional rules of grazing management, demarcation of settlement areas and

herd mobility

Strengthening the traditionally widespread practice of feed conservation in the form of ‘Kalo’

Recognizing and strengthening the traditional knowledge of the pastoralists, both men and women, and forms of

grazing management practices

Awareness creation to farmers and pastoralists to shift them from quantity aspect to quality livestock production

system supported by modern technologies

Under-sowing cereals with legumes

Herd management (balancing livestock number with pasture and water availability, selling livestock before drought

effect etc)

In drought prone areas, shifting from cattle and sheep production to drought tolerant animals such as goat and

camels

Encouraging modern dairy farming in small areas (particularly for crop producing areas and farmers living near

urban areas)

Forage development (enhancing improved forages)

Enhance agro-pastoral activities

Resettlement of pastoral communities from drought prone areas based on voluntary basis

Conservation of grazing areas

Area closure for forage development

Income diversification in pastoral areas

Improve range land management

Improve livestock marketing (linking farmers with markets)

Natural resource

management

Biophysical Soil and

Water Conservation

Gully control

Refer PSNP strategy 1 for detailed activities under this strategy

Refer PSNP strategy 2 for detailed activities under this strategy

Forestry, Agro-Forestry

and Forage development

Income generation from

natural resources

Refer PSNP strategy 3 for detailed activities under this strategy

Frankincense and gum production

Beekeeping

Timber production

Water and

Develop irrigation

Construction of irrigation dams along potential rivers and expanding large scale irrigation schemes for crop

irrigation sector

(edit)

Improving access to clean

drinking water

production

Developing adequate water sources for humans and livestock

Improving water quality and sanitation

Water treatment

Construction of reservoirs for water supply

Refer PSNP strategies 4, 5, 6 and 7 for detailed activities under this strategy

Health sector

Disease prevention

Removing stagnant and water logging areas

Spraying chemicals in stagnant water areas to prevent malaria incidence

Awareness creation through health extension services

Family planning

Environmental sanitation

Enhance household and food hygiene

Vaccination

Establishing health centers

Improving access to health services

Improving availability of medicine (with proper quality)

Controlling contraband medicine

Early assessment of disease occurrence

Finance and

Diversification of income

cooperative offices sources

Improve access to credit

Increase household level saving

Introducing income generating activities (like Beekeeping, Poultry production and Petty trade and others)

Linking farmers with consumer markets (factories, hotels, urban consumers and other areas where farmers’ product

needed)

Enhance value addition on farm products

Introducing crop and livestock insurance

Road and

infrastructure

Construction of

infrastructures

Refer PSNP strategies 8 and 10 for detailed activities under this strategy

Ensuring that all new critical infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, power, water, communication etc

compulsorily comply with the safety standards of disaster reduction

Ensuring that all existing infrastructure projects are retrofitted from future disasters, to the extent possible

Education sector

Women/ Children/

Youth Office

Rehabilitation of

Refer PSNP strategies 9 and 11 for detailed activities under this strategy

infrastructures

Awareness creation on

Awareness creation of major disasters in the area

DRM and DRR

Awareness creation of disaster risk mitigation and adaptation

Mainstreaming DRM into education system (edit)

Collaboration with other sectors in disaster risk prevention

Promote use of indigenous knowledge

Construction of schools

Promote women and youth Encourage the strong participation of women in Woreda decision-making Promote women’s saving-schemes

participation in DRR

Promote women and youth participation on DRR which affects women, children, youth and other vulnerable group

of the society.

Appendix 2. List of Productive Safety Net Program Activities

No Strategy

Biopysical Soil and Water

Conservation

Activities

 Hillside Terrace

 Hillside terrace with trench

 Bench terracing

 Soil bund (level or graded)

 Stone bund

 Stone bund with trench

 Stone faced soil bund

 Fanyajuu (level or graded)

 Cut-off drains

 Waterway cons (vegetative)

 water way construction(unpaved)

 Water ways (stone paved)

 Percolation Trenches

 Percolation pit

 Micro trenches

 Micro basins

 Eyebrow basins

 Herring bones

 Area closure

 Bund stabilization

 Grass stripping

 Compost making

 Vegetative fencing

 Bush Clearing

 Other Biophysical Soil &

 Water Conservation Activity (specify)

 Dichera construction

 Trench bund

No Strategy

2 Gully Control

Forestry, Agro-Forestry and

Forage development

Water Projects: Community

and Micro level: rehabilitation

Activities

 Percolation pond

 Half-moon (large or small)

 Trenches

 Stone check dams

 Brush wood check dams

 wooden check dams

 Sand bag check dam

 Gully head and sides reshaping

 Gully revegetation

 Gabion construction

 SS dam construction

 Improved pits

 Seedling production

 Forage or grass seed production

 Seedling plantation

 Seed collection & Purchasing

 Nursery site establishment

 Nursery running(existing nursery)

 Pitting

 Community hand dug well

 Community pond Maintenance

 Community shallow well/Ela Const.

 Ela construction for labour poor FHH

 Deep trench

 Rock fill dam

 Stone collection

 Plastic Gabion construction

 Other gully control activity (specify)

 SS dam Rehabilitation

 Sand collection

 Stone collection and transportation

 Gully retaining wall

 Other Forestry, Agro-Forestry and Forage

Development

 Grass/forage side multiplication site establishment

 Grass land improvement

 Nursery running

 Direct sowing

 seedling management

 Roof water harvesting

 Sub surface/River‐bed or

 permeable rock dams

 Check dam pond

No Strategy

Water Projects: Community

and Micro level: rehabilitation

6 Construction or Expansion

7 Rehabilitation

Activities

 Micro ponds for FHH

 Farm dam

 Spring development

 Community hand dug well

 Community pond Maintenance

 Community shallow well/Ela Const.

 Micro ponds for FHH

 Farm dam

 Spring development

 Irrigation canal construction

 Diversion weir design and construction

 Traditional river diversion

 Night storage

 Traditional canal construction

 Community Pond construction

 Spring development for irrigation

 Community shallow well

 Micro ponds for FHH

 Check dam pond

 Farm dam

 Irrigation canal rehabilitation

 Diversion weir rehabilitation

 Irrigable land

 Other water project rehabilitation

 activity(specify)

 Tanker/night strorage

 Roof water harvesting

 Sub surface/River‐bed or

 permeable rock dams

 Check dam pond

 Other water project rehabilitation

 Other activity(specify)

 Small dam

 Spate irrigation

 Roof water harvesting

 Shallow well construction

 Water harvesting check dam

 HH pond( Geomembrane)

 Arc weir construction

 Irrigable land

 Flume construction

 Other SSI construction activity (specify)

 Underground cistern

 Micro ponds for FHH

 Intake structure

 Farm dam

No Strategy

Community Road Earth

8 (Gravel &Footpaths R1, R2,

R3, R4, R5): Construction

Community Road Earth/Gravel

9 &Footpaths R1, R2, R3, R4,

R5): Rehablitation

Social Infrastructure Activities

Construction

Activities

 Traditional river diversion rehabilitation

 Spate irrigation

 Community Pond rehabilitation

 Community shallow well

 Earth road on flat and rolling terrain (R1)

 Earth road on mountainous terrain (R2)

 Graveled road on flat and rolling terrain sandy or weak soil

(R3)

 Graveled road on mountainous terrain weak soil (R4)

 Graveled road on flat and rolling terrain black cotton soil (R5)

 Bridges (concrete >6 m)

 Bridges (wooden)

 Earth road on flat and rolling terrain (R1)

 Earth road on mountainous terrain (R2)

 Gravelled road on flat and rolling terrain sandy or weak soil

(R3)

 Gravelled road on mountainous terrain weak soil (R4)

 Gravelled road on flat and rolling terrain black cotton soil (R5)

 Bridges (concrete >6 m) Rehabilitation

 FTC construction

 School room construction/ Expansion

 Basic alternative school construction

 DA office construction

 Spring development for irrigation

 Roof water harvesting

 Other SSI rehabilitation activity (specify)

 Culverts (pipe, slab, box < 6m)

 Foot path construction and/or improvement

 Retaining wall const

 Other R1,R2, R3,R4, R5, Footpath Rehabilitation

activity

 SS dam spill way construction

 Culvert/Road side/ ditch construction

 Bridges (wooden) Rehabilitation

 Culverts (pipe, slab, box < 6m) Rehabilitation

 Fords rehabilitation

 Foot path rehabilitation

 Other R1,R2, R3,R4, R5, Footpath Rehabilitation

activity

 Waste pit excavation (school, clinic etc)

 Cattle crash construction

 Store construction

 stone collection

No Strategy

Social Infrastructure Activities

Rehabilitation

Activities

 Teacher's house construction

 Health post construction

 Cattle trough construction

 Livestock health post construction

 VIP Latrine

 Traditional pit latrine

 Kebele office construction

 Vet clinic construction

 Kindergarten construction

 FTC rehabilitation/maintenance

 School rehabilitation/maintenance

 Basic alternative school rehabilitation/maintenance

 DA office rehabilitation/maintenance

 Teachers house rehabilitation/maintenance

 Health post rehabilitation/maintenance

 Health center rehabilitation/maintenance

 Sand collection

 DA house construction

 health workers house construction

 health workers office construction

 Other Social Infrastructure

 Weavers association hall

 After birth resting room

 Fencing(school, health post, clinic etc)

 Pipeline digging

 Livestock health post rehabilitation

 DA house rehabilitation/maintenance

 Kebele office rehabilitation

 Other Social Infrastructure Rehabilitation

 Health extension workers office rehabilitation

 Health extension workers house rehabilitation

 Cattle crush maintenance